{"id":4411,"date":"2020-02-28T17:37:53","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T13:37:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veteran.az\/?p=4411"},"modified":"2020-02-28T17:38:39","modified_gmt":"2020-02-28T13:38:39","slug":"mocuz%c9%99l%c9%99r-yaradan-k%c9%99sfl%c9%99r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/?p=4411","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259l\u0259r yaradan k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259r"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc z\u0259rr\u0259cikl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259siri g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, h\u0259tta ortada ba\u015fqa cisim olmad\u0131qda bel\u0259 y\u00fckl\u00fc cisiml\u0259r bir-birin\u0259 t\u0259sir ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu, \u0259slind\u0259 elmd\u0259 \u201cuza\u011fa t\u0259sir\u201d adlan\u0131r. Bu hadis\u0259nin izah\u0131na bir s\u0131ra aliml\u0259r c\u0259hd g\u00f6st\u0259rs\u0259l\u0259r bel\u0259 hadis\u0259nin n\u0259z\u0259ri izah\u0131n\u0131 ingilis fiziki Maykl Faradey vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259sir, bir qayda olaraq h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 elmi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n diqq\u0259tind\u0259 olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z fiziki \u015earl Kulon elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc z\u0259rr\u0259cikl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259sirini eksperimental \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259r\u0259k Kulon qanununu verdikd\u0259n sonra bu sah\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259dqiqatlar daha da g\u00fccl\u0259nmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, y\u00fckl\u00fc z\u0259rr\u0259cikl\u0259rin elektrik sah\u0259sind\u0259 nizaml\u0131, istiqam\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015f h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tini t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259n Danimarka  fiziki Xristian Xans Ersted yeni keyfiyy\u0259t \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xararaq g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir ki, bel\u0259 halda y\u00fck n\u0259ql ed\u0259n naqill\u0259rin \u0259traf\u0131nda maqnit sah\u0259si m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu k\u0259\u015ff maraql\u0131 oldu\u011fu q\u0259d\u0259r h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259dqiqata \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bel\u0259 bir problemli sual yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131: \u201c\u018fg\u0259r c\u0259r\u0259yan maqnit yarad\u0131rsa, maqnit d\u0259 c\u0259r\u0259yan yarada bil\u0259rmi?\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sual h\u0259m dialektik, h\u0259m d\u0259 simmetriklik bax\u0131mdan \u00e7ox ciddi maraq yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, bir s\u0131ra tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f elm t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bu suala cavab verm\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259y g\u00f6st\u0259rdil\u0259r. Alman alim Kolladon, rus alimi Lens, frans\u0131z alimi Amper, ingilis alimi Faradey v\u0259 b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif elmi-n\u0259z\u0259ri m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259r s\u00f6yl\u0259nilir, eksperimental t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r qoyulurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun vaxt \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n bu t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n yekun n\u0259tic\u0259si ingilis alimi Maykl Faradeyi sevindirdi. Bel\u0259 ki, onun 11 illik g\u0259rgin \u0259m\u0259yi, n\u0259hay\u0259t, 27 sentyabr 1831-ci ild\u0259 maqnitin d\u0259 elektrik yaratmas\u0131 x\u0259b\u0259rini s\u00fcbutlarla elm ictimaiyy\u0259tin\u0259 elan etm\u0259yi n\u0259sib etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fizikl\u0259r, kimya\u00e7\u0131lar Maykl Faradey bar\u0259d\u0259 onun h\u0259tta orta m\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rind\u0259ki k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259rind\u0259n xeyli m\u0259lumata malikdirl\u0259r. Faradeyin maqnitd\u0259n elektrik almas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 b\u0259zi m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 da oxucuya \u00e7atd\u0131rmaq, fikrimc\u0259, onun n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 iradi keyfiyy\u0259t\u0259 malik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Boris Kuznetsovun \u201cFaradey\u201d adl\u0131 kitabda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Faradey maqnitd\u0259n elektrik almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn cibind\u0259 11 il maqnit par\u00e7as\u0131 g\u0259zdirib. Faradeyin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sini icra ed\u0259n \u0259m\u0259liyyat\u00e7\u0131 ona sual verir ki, \u201cSer, 100-c\u00fc t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 ba\u015f tutmasa n\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259yik?\u201d. Faradey cavab\u0131nda: \u201c101-cini qoyaca\u011f\u0131q\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1831-ci ild\u0259 elan edil\u0259n bu k\u0259\u015ffin b\u00fct\u00fcn eksperimental variantlar\u0131 Faradey t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya ictimaiyy\u0259ti f\u0259rqind\u0259 olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, elektrikd\u0259n bu g\u00fcn genin\u0259-boluna istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yimiz\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n Mayk Faradeyin bu m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m k\u0259\u015ffidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M.Faradey bar\u0259d\u0259 bel\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar \u015fagirdl\u0259rd\u0259 iradi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259zmkarl\u0131q formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. H\u0259r hans\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259nin h\u0259llind\u0259 ilk c\u0259hd ba\u015f tutmad\u0131qda, o, Faradeyin \u201c101 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259ni qoyar\u0131q\u201d ifad\u0259sini xat\u0131rlayaraq, sonrak\u0131 c\u0259hdl\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015f vurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faradeyin bu k\u0259\u015ffind\u0259n sonra fizikl\u0259r h\u0259yat \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri olan bir s\u0131ra probleml\u0259rin h\u0259llin\u0259 can atd\u0131lar. Bu s\u0131rada Faradey d\u0259 sakitl\u0259\u015fm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Onun bir s\u0131ra m\u00fch\u00fcm k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259ri il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 1834-c\u00fc ild\u0259 elektroliz hadis\u0259sini k\u0259\u015ff etm\u0259si, onun qanunlar\u0131n\u0131 verm\u0259si daha \u00e7ox k\u00fctl\u0259vi t\u0259tbiql\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu, a\u015fqars\u0131z madd\u0259nin al\u0131nmas\u0131, qalvonoplastika v\u0259 qalvonostegiya xalq t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131nda v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi yer tapd\u0131. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 sah\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259sir bir s\u0131ra fizikl\u0259r\u0259, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n C.K.Maksvel, H.Hers, A.S.Popov v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131na oyan\u0131\u015f verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1865-ci ild\u0259 Maksvel elektrostatik v\u0259 elektrodinamik sah\u0259d\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq elektromaqnit sah\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini verdi. Bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259nin eksperimental h\u0259lli d\u0259 xeyli vaxt apard\u0131. N\u0259hay\u0259t 1888-ci ild\u0259 alman fiziki Henrix Hers elektromaqnit dal\u011falar\u0131n\u0131 eksperimental \u00fcsulla ald\u0131 v\u0259 s\u00fcbut etdi ki, elektromaqnit sah\u0259si m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n t\u0259sir\u0259 malikdir. Hersin bu eksperimental k\u0259\u015ffi, \u0259slind\u0259 Maksvelin sah\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sinin t\u0259sdiqi olmaqla, h\u0259min n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi kimi, materiyan\u0131n sah\u0259 n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u0259saf\u0259y\u0259 enerji da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcbutu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu k\u0259\u015ffd\u0259n sonra bir s\u0131ra aliml\u0259r Rumford, Tesla, Popov v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131 birba\u015fa t\u0259dqiqata ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Rumford makaras\u0131, Tesla transformatoru v\u0259 bir s\u0131ra m\u0259saf\u0259y\u0259 siqnal \u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n qur\u011fular yarad\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bu sah\u0259d\u0259 daha \u00e7ox diqq\u0259ti \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n Aleksandr Stepanovi\u00e7 Popovun 7 may 1895-ci ild\u0259 radionu k\u0259\u015ff etm\u0259si oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bu k\u0259\u015ff elm qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bel\u0259 bir problem qoydu: — S\u0259si v\u0259 \u015f\u0259kli m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259saf\u0259y\u0259 verm\u0259k olarm\u0131? Q\u0259rib\u0259dir al\u00e7aq tezlikli s\u0259si y\u00fcks\u0259k tezlikli elektromaqnit r\u0259qsl\u0259rin\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259yib, onu uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259k olmazm\u0131? Bu sah\u0259nin t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 mexaniki v\u0259 elektromaqnit r\u0259qsl\u0259rinin parametrl\u0259rini ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n x=X0sin() t\u0259nliyin\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r yetirib amplitud v\u0259 tezlik modulyasiyas\u0131 aparmaqla s\u0259si v\u0259 \u015f\u0259kli uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 nail oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sah\u0259d\u0259 italyan alimi Quelmo Markoni v\u0259 rus alimi Boris Rozinqin xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri d\u0259 elm tarixind\u0259 qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fizikan\u0131n t\u0259drisind\u0259 \u015fagirdl\u0259r\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259tm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, bu g\u00fcn onlar\u0131n istifad\u0259 etdiyi radio, televiziya, mobil telefonlar, uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n rabit\u0259, komp\u00fcterl\u0259r m\u0259hz elektromaqnit dal\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiql\u0259rinin n\u0259tic\u0259sidir. Onu da n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almaq laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, yuxar\u0131da adlar\u0131 sadalanan qur\u011fular ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaraq yar\u0131mke\u00e7iricil\u0259rin t\u0259tbiqi il\u0259 bu qabaritini ki\u00e7iltmi\u015f v\u0259 istifad\u0259 m\u00fcdd\u0259tini uzatm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yar\u0131mke\u00e7irici qur\u011fular\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi sah\u0259sind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Milli Elml\u0259r Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n H\u0259s\u0259n Abdullayev ad\u0131na Fizika \u0130nstitutunun \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u0259rgin \u0259m\u0259yi il\u0259 meydana g\u0259l\u0259n qur\u011fular d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin elm m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 edilir. M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r bu sah\u0259d\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n aliml\u0259rimizin i\u015fi il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131q m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 fizika institutuna ekskursiyalar t\u0259\u015fkil ets\u0259l\u0259r, \u015fagirdl\u0259rd\u0259 elm\u0259 maraq daha da artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tac\u0259ddin VAH\u0130DOV,<\/strong>
ADPU-nun dosenti<\/strong>

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc z\u0259rr\u0259cikl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259siri g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, h\u0259tta ortada ba\u015fqa cisim olmad\u0131qda bel\u0259 y\u00fckl\u00fc cisiml\u0259r…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarix"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","covernews-slider-full":"","covernews-slider-center":"","covernews-featured":"","covernews-medium":"","covernews-medium-square":""},"author_info":{"display_name":"Veteran.az","author_link":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/?author=3"},"category_info":"Tarix<\/a>","tag_info":"Tarix","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4411"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4414,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411\/revisions\/4414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4411"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteran.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}